Sterkfontein member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid.

نویسندگان

  • R J Clarke
  • P V Tobias
چکیده

Four articulating hominid foot bones have been recovered from Sterkfontein Member 2, near Johannesburg, South Africa. They have human features in the hindfoot and strikingly apelike traits in the forefoot. While the foot is manifestly adapted for bipedalism, its most remarkable characteristic is that the great toe (hallux) is appreciably medially diverged (varus) and strongly mobile, as in apes. Possibly as old as 3.5 million years, the foot provides the first evidence that bipedal hominids were in southern Africa more than 3.0 million years ago. The bones probably belonged to an early member of Australopithecus africanus or another early hominid species.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Faunal evidence and Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of early hominid.

Ronald J. Clarke and Phillip V. Tobias (1) state that they have found the "oldest South African hominid" in Sterkfontein Member 2, as the STW 573 foot remains demonstrate a mosaic of ape-like and human-like features. Their dating of the deposit, between 3.5 and 3.0 million years ago (Ma), is somewhat tenuous, as it is based largely on presumed sedimentological rates that could vary dramatically...

متن کامل

Hallucial convergence in early hominids.

There is a richly documented fossil record of the evolutionary transition from ape-sized brains that are less that one-third the size of modern humans through a series of intermediate-sized brains up to the modern range. The first report on the discovery of the foot of the Stw 573 skeleton emphasized the apparent transitional nature of its great toe [Clarke, R.J., Tobias, P.V., 1995. Sterkfonte...

متن کامل

A fossil stapes from Sterkfontein, South Africa, and the hearing capabilities of early hominids.

The three small bones of the human middle ear—the malleus, incus and stapes—have been the subject of research since the mid fifteenth century (Arensburg et al., 1981). Consequently, knowledge of their anatomy and embryology is extensive (e.g. Schuknecht & Gulya, 1986; McPhee & Van de Water, 1988). Middle ear bones have also been well studied in other extant primates and in Neanderthals (e.g., M...

متن کامل

Posterior tooth size, body size, and diet in South African gracile Australopithecines.

A model relating relative size of the posterior teeth to diet is suggested for forest and savanna primates and Homo. Relative tooth size is calculated for the South African gracile australopithecine sample using posterior maxillary area sums and size estimates based on four limb bones. A number of limbs were shown to be non-hominid. Comparisons show the South African gracile sample apparently a...

متن کامل

Beyond leopards: tooth marks and the contribution of multiple carnivore taxa to the accumulation of the Swartkrans Member 3 fossil assemblage.

The ca. 1.0 myr old fauna from Swartkrans Member 3 (South Africa) preserves abundant indication of carnivore activity in the form of tooth marks (including pits) on many bone surfaces. This direct paleontological evidence is used to test a recent suggestion that leopards, regardless of prey body size, may have been almost solely responsible for the accumulation of the majority of bones in multi...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • Science

دوره 269 5223  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 1995